tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-90883850054931838632024-02-08T10:02:40.427-08:00Display Processor of Computer Graphicscomputergraphicshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10804982178491978134noreply@blogger.comBlogger5125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9088385005493183863.post-60631945161988530642011-11-09T08:14:00.000-08:002011-11-09T08:14:46.699-08:00Computer Graphics<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><script type="text/javascript"><!--
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The term computer graphics includes almost everything on computers that is not text or sound.<br />
every computer can do some graphics, and people have even come to expect to control their computer through icons and pictures rather than just by typing.<br />
Here in our lab at the Program of Computer Graphics, we think of computer graphics as drawing pictures on computers, also called rendering. The pictures can be photographs, drawings, movies, or simulations -- pictures of things which do not yet exist and maybe could never exist. Or they may be pictures from places we cannot see directly, such as medical images from inside your body.<br />
<br />
We spend much of our time improving the way computer pictures can simulate real world scenes. We want images on computers to not just look more realistic, but also to BE more realistic in their colors, the way objects and rooms are lighted, and the way different materials appear. We call this work "realistic image synthesis", and the following series of pictures will show some of our techniques in stages from very simple pictures through very realistic ones.</div><b> Buy me a Cup of Coffee</b><br />
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<b>MONIKA YADAV (MCA),</b> <br />
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<br />
<b>ROHIT KESHRIYA (MCA),</b> <br />
Software Engineer,<br />
www.NotesGuru.in, Indore<br />
<br />
For guest faculty Contact us on following E-mail ID:<br />
<br />
monikay.aerosoft@gmail.com<br />
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<br />
-COMPUTER AIDED DESIGN<br />
A major use of computer graphics is in design processes, particularly for engineering and architectural systems. For some design applications; objects are first displayed in a wireframe outline form that shows the overall sham and internal features of objects.<br />
<br />
Software packages for CAD applications typically provide the designer with a multi-window environment. Each window can show enlarged sections or different views of objects. Standard shapes for electrical, electronic, and logic circuits are often supplied by the design package. The connections between the components have been mad automatically.<br />
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Animations are often used in CAD applications.<br />
Real-time animations using wire frame displays are useful for testing performance of a vehicle.<br />
Wire frame models allow the designer to see the interior parts of the vehicle during motion.<br />
When object designs are complete, realistic lighting models and surface rendering are applied.<br />
Manufacturing process of object can also be controlled through CAD.<br />
Interactive graphics methods are used to layout the buildings.<br />
Three-dimensional interior layouts and lighting also provided.<br />
With virtual-reality systems, the designers can go for a simulated walk inside the building.<br />
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-PRESENTATION GRAPHICS<br />
It is used to produce illustrations for reports or to generate slide for with projections.<br />
Examples of presentation graphics are bar charts, line graphs, surface graphs, pie charts and displays showing relationships between parameters.<br />
3-D graphics can provide more attraction to the presentation.<br />
<br />
-COMPUTER ART<br />
<br />
Computer graphics methods are widely used in both fine are and commercial art applications.<br />
The artist uses a combination of 3D modeling packages, texture mapping, drawing programs and CAD software.<br />
Pen plotter with specially designed software can create “automatic art”.<br />
“Mathematical Art” can be produced using mathematical functions, fractal procedures.<br />
These methods are also applied in commercial art.<br />
Photorealistic techniques are used to render images of a product.<br />
Animations are also used frequently in advertising, and television commercials are produced frame by frame. Film animations require 24 frames for each second in the animation sequence.<br />
A common graphics method employed in many commercials is morphing, where one object is transformed into another.<br />
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-ENTERTAINMENT<br />
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CG methods are now commonly used in making motion pictures, music videos and television shows.<br />
Many TV series regularly employ computer graphics method.<br />
Graphics objects can be combined with a live action.<br />
<br />
-EDUCATION AND TRAINING<br />
<br />
Computer-generated models of physical, financial and economic systems are often used as educational aids.<br />
For some training applications, special systems are designed.<br />
Eg. Training of ship captains, aircraft pilots etc.,<br />
Some simulators have no video screens, but most simulators provide graphics screen for visual operation. Some of them provide only the control panel.<br />
<br />
-VISUALIZATION<br />
<br />
The numerical and scientific data are converted to a visual form for analysis and to study the behavior called visualization.<br />
Producing graphical representation for scientific data sets are calls scientific visualization.<br />
And business visualization is used to represent the data sets related to commerce and industry.<br />
The visualization can be either 2D or 3D.<br />
<br />
Nowadays software packages provide graphics user interface (GUI) for the user to work easily.<br />
A major component in GUI is a window.<br />
Multiple windows can be opened at a time.<br />
To activate any one of the window, the user needs just to check on that window.<br />
Menus and icons are used for fast selection of processing operations.<br />
Icons are used as shortcut to perform functions. The advantages of icons are which takes less screen space.<br />
And some other interfaces like text box, buttons, and list are also used.<br />
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<b>MONIKA YADAV (MCA),</b> <br />
Software Engineer,<br />
www.NotesGuru.in, Indore<br />
<br />
<b>ROHIT KESHRIYA (MCA),</b> <br />
Software Engineer,<br />
www.NotesGuru.in, Indore<br />
<br />
For guest faculty Contact us on following E-mail ID:<br />
<br />
monikay.aerosoft@gmail.com<br />
monikay.aerosoft@rediffmail.com<br />
monikay.aerosoft@yahoo.com<br />
monikay.aerosoft@hotmail.com<br />
rohit.aerosoft@gmail.com<br />
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Output Devices<br />
Display<br />
Vector<br />
Rastor<br />
Hardcopy<br />
Plotters<br />
Printers<br />
Input Devices<br />
Graphics Processors<br />
Video Display Devices<br />
Video Monitor<br />
CRT (cathode ray tube) was most common<br />
Storage CRT versus Refresh CRT<br />
Draw once and image remains on screen<br />
Constant refreshing of screen<br />
Refresh rates - 30 Hz, interlaced<br />
Basic CRT design<br />
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Vacuum in a glass tube<br />
Electron gun<br />
Cathode with coiled wire filament<br />
heat and it emits electrons<br />
very high voltages<br />
Deflection system<br />
Phosphor coated screen<br />
Focusing system<br />
Acceleration system<br />
walters@buffalo.edu 480/580 Lecture 5 Slide 1Focusing system<br />
electrons repel each other - diverge<br />
a) Magnetic<br />
coil around outside of tube<br />
very small spot size<br />
flying spot scanners<br />
b) Electrostatic<br />
most common in graphics monitors<br />
positively charged metal cylinder<br />
(electrostatic lens)<br />
focuses beam in middle of screen<br />
curved screen<br />
distance from "lens" to screen is constant<br />
flat screen<br />
distances increase from center<br />
additional electronic deflection dependent focusing<br />
Acceleration system<br />
Speed electron towards the screen<br />
a) Positively charged metal near screen<br />
b) Accelerating anode<br />
<br />
Deflection system<br />
Control where beam hits screen<br />
a) Magnetic deflection<br />
2 pairs of coils mounted outside envelope<br />
top and bottom<br />
right and left<br />
vary currents in coils to get correct deflection<br />
most common<br />
<br />
b) Electrostatic deflection<br />
2 pairs of plates inside envelope<br />
vary charge<br />
<br />
walters@buffalo.edu 480/580 Lecture 5 Slide 2Screen<br />
coated with phosphors<br />
electrons hit screen and loose energy<br />
heat<br />
most goes to electrons of phosphor<br />
jumps them to higher energy states<br />
when fall back to lower states - give off energy as light<br />
Phosphor characteristics<br />
color of light - wavelength of energy<br />
persistence<br />
time taken to go from initial light level to 1/10th<br />
long persistence<br />
refresh less frequently<br />
what happens to image of moving objects?<br />
short persistence<br />
refresh more frequently<br />
less motion blur<br />
typical 10 - 60 microseconds<br />
Intensity<br />
Control grid of electron gun<br />
the more negatively charged, more electrons get repelled<br />
the fewer make it through the control grid<br />
Intensity distribution of spot on screen<br />
Intensity<br />
x (or y)<br />
Gaussian fall off of intensity with distance<br />
Function of the electron density in the beam<br />
walters@buffalo.edu 480/580 Lecture 5 Slide 3Intensity<br />
x (or y)<br />
Resolution<br />
Maximum number of dots that can be displayed without overlap<br />
on CRT<br />
(1K by 1K)<br />
independent of screen size<br />
OR<br />
Maximum number of dots that can be displayed per inch or cm<br />
(300 dpi)<br />
How define overlap?<br />
okay to overlap portions falling below 60% of maximum<br />
What happens to overlap as increase intensity?<br />
Aspect ratio<br />
ratio of number of vertical points to horizontal points to<br />
produce equal length lines<br />
3/4<br />
Rastor Scan versus Random Scan<br />
<br />
Random scan<br />
refresh is a function of the image complexity<br />
Rastor scan<br />
horizontal retrace and vertical retrace<br />
interlaced versus noninterlaced<br />
walters@buffalo.edu 480/580 Lecture 5 Slide 4walters@buffalo.edu 480/580 Lecture 5 Slide 5<br />
Refresh rate<br />
60 hz is typical<br />
how often refresh each "dot" on screen?<br />
once every 16667 microseconds<br />
compare to persistence (10-60 microseconds)<br />
"dot" is mostly dark!<br />
flicker<br />
when image appears to go on and off<br />
refresh rate not high enough<br />
CFF - critical fusion frequency<br />
freq at which flickering display just fuses into nonflickering<br />
what determines CFF?<br />
for given phosphor?<br />
Horizontal scan rate<br />
scan lines displayed per second<br />
approximately refresh rate times number of lines<br />
Color CRTs<br />
Beam penetration<br />
Random scan<br />
two layers of phosphor<br />
slow beam - outer layer (say red)<br />
faster beam - inner layer (say green)<br />
Shadow mask<br />
more colors<br />
better quality<br />
small patches of red, green and blue phosphors<br />
perceive as one colored patch<br />
3 electron guns<br />
a) delta-delta<br />
triad of patches<br />
<br />
shadow mask<br />
difficult to keep aligned<br />
high resolution<br />
b) precision in-line<br />
easier to align, lower resolutionFlat-Panel Displays<br />
Thinner, lighter, require less power<br />
Examples?<br />
Emissive versus nonemissive<br />
Can you see it in the dark?<br />
Could be lighted nonemisive<br />
Emissive<br />
Plasma panels<br />
mixture of gases between two glass plates<br />
vertical and horizontal conducting ribbons<br />
apply voltage to two ribbons to make plasma glow<br />
<br />
Thin-film electroluminescent displays<br />
similar, but phosphor instead of gas<br />
<br />
LED's<br />
matrix of diodes, one per pixel<br />
apply voltage and they produce light<br />
Nonemissive<br />
LCD<br />
LC substance flow like a liquid, but have crystaline<br />
molecular structure<br />
Usually use nematic LC's (threadlike)<br />
Two polarizers, two conductors, reflector<br />
LC in normal state twists the light,<br />
so is reflected back to viewer<br />
apply voltage to conductors to turn off<br />
<br />
Active Matrix LCD - transistor at each pixel (stores)<br />
walters@buffalo.edu 480/580 Lecture 5 Slide 63D Viewing<br />
Stereoscopic viewing<br />
Stereo images (not full 3-d)<br />
a) Red and green glasses<br />
red and green images<br />
b) Scan alternate images in alternate frames<br />
View with goggles that shutter each lens in synch<br />
with scanning<br />
<br />
c) Multiple stereo images versus just two<br />
Time Multiplexing<br />
As rotate head, see different views<br />
Compare to 2 view perception as move head<br />
Projection CRT<br />
project light from small diameter, very bright CRT onto screen<br />
<br />
LCD Projection<br />
flat panel display used with overhead projector<br />
<br />
walters@buffalo.edu 480/580 Lecture 5 Slide 7Hard Copy Output Devices<br />
Plotters<br />
Printers<br />
Impact Devices<br />
Inked ribbon<br />
examples?<br />
Nonimpact Devices<br />
Lasers, ink-jets, xerographic, electrostatic, electrothermal<br />
examples?<br />
Pen plotters<br />
Stationary paper and 2-D moving pen<br />
<br />
Paper moves in 1-D and pen in 1-D<br />
<br />
Resolution issues<br />
Random Scan or Raster Scan?<br />
How draw line?<br />
What determines resolution along length of line?<br />
What determines resolution across width of line?<br />
Dot Matrix Printers<br />
Print head with matrix of wire pins<br />
Retract some pins before printing to print specified pattern<br />
Laser Printers<br />
Drum coated with photoelectric material (eg selenium)<br />
Laser beam creates charge distribution on drum<br />
Toner applied to drum and sticks according to charge<br />
Toner transferred to paper<br />
walters@buffalo.edu 480/580 Lecture 5 Slide 8Ink-Jet Printers<br />
Paper rolled on drum<br />
Boiled ink squirted onto paper through little nozzles (jets)<br />
Charged ink stream deflected by electric field<br />
<br />
Electrostatic Printers<br />
Negatively charge a row at a time on paper<br />
Apply toner<br />
<br />
Electrothermal Printer<br />
Heat sensitive paper<br />
Dot matrix print head applies heat<br />
<br />
Dye Sublimation<br />
How get color output?<br />
Impact device?<br />
Non impact device?<br />
3 pigments: cyan, magenta, yellow (sometimes black)<br />
Will you get the same colors on a laser printer, as on a CRT?<br />
Non Hard Copy , Non Display Output Devices<br />
Print 3-D solid objects<br />
Ink jet like head<br />
Squirts fast drying thermopolymer material<br />
Builds up 3-D models in layers<br />
walters@buffalo.edu 480/580 Lecture 5 Slide 9Input Devices<br />
Keyboards<br />
Standard Keyboard<br />
Button Boxes<br />
<br />
Mouse<br />
Mechanical mouse<br />
Rotating ball<br />
Two perpendicular padded shafts rotated by ball motion<br />
shaft encoders output proportional to rotation<br />
Optical mouse<br />
Laser<br />
Reflective Grid<br />
Added buttons, trackball, thumbwheels<br />
Trackball<br />
Like upside down mouse with big ball<br />
Fingers or hand move ball<br />
Joystick<br />
Movable<br />
Measure motion<br />
Stationary<br />
Measure strain<br />
Data Glove<br />
Measures hand position and uses as input<br />
Many degrees of freedom<br />
(aside - data glove as output device<br />
haptic computer interface<br />
texture and pressure sensation via forces applied<br />
to finger tip<br />
)<br />
walters@buffalo.edu 480/580 Lecture 5 Slide 10Motion Capturing Systems<br />
Selspots<br />
Attached to body in motion<br />
Capture 3-D paths of points<br />
<br />
Occlusion of visual "spots"<br />
Full Body Scanners<br />
How does it work?<br />
<br />
Captures shape and color in 12 seconds<br />
Uses?<br />
Digitizers<br />
Graphics Tablets<br />
<br />
High resolution input<br />
Trace contours<br />
Hand held cursor<br />
Stylus<br />
<br />
Electromagnetic<br />
Grid of wires<br />
Electromagnetic pulses generated in sequence<br />
Induces electrical signal in stylus or cursor<br />
Acoustic<br />
Strip microphones<br />
Detect sound of spark on stylus tip<br />
Time arrival at different microphones<br />
Can be 3-D<br />
<br />
walters@buffalo.edu 480/580 Lecture 5 Slide 9Image Scanners<br />
Hand Held<br />
<br />
Flat Bed<br />
<br />
Drum<br />
Touch Panels<br />
Optical<br />
Line LED's along top and side<br />
Line of light detectors along bottom and other side<br />
What determines Resolution?<br />
Electrical<br />
One plate of conducting material<br />
One plate of resistive material<br />
Touch pushes plates together<br />
Measure voltage drop across resistive plate<br />
Acoustical<br />
Built into plasma panels<br />
Transparent overlay on other displays</div><b> Buy me a Cup of Coffee</b><br />
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<b>ROHIT KESHRIYA (MCA),</b> <br />
Software Engineer,<br />
www.NotesGuru.in, Indore<br />
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For guest faculty Contact us on following E-mail ID:<br />
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Like displays, plotters fall into two broad categories: raster and calligraphic. Raster devices such as laser and ink-jet printers cover every pixel on the page and can produce arbitrarily complex images. Calligraphic devices such as pen plotters and some film recorders have a single writing head that must be moved to draw.<br />
<br />
Unlike displays, the intensity resolution of plotters is generally low. Many hardcopy devices are strictly bilevel, able only to plot a black dot or to leave the spot white. Color printers have additional sources of ink but can still place the inks with only one intensity. Pen plotters can sometimes fake intensity by drawing over an area multiple times, but there is a limit to what the paper can endure, so these plotters still have only a few intensity levels. Essentially, the variations of layer appearance must be faked with patterned areas.</div><b> Buy me a Cup of Coffee</b><br />
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<b>MONIKA YADAV (MCA),</b> <br />
Software Engineer,<br />
www.NotesGuru.in, Indore<br />
<br />
<b>ROHIT KESHRIYA (MCA),</b> <br />
Software Engineer,<br />
www.NotesGuru.in, Indore<br />
<br />
For guest faculty Contact us on following E-mail ID:<br />
<br />
monikay.aerosoft@gmail.com<br />
monikay.aerosoft@rediffmail.com<br />
monikay.aerosoft@yahoo.com<br />
monikay.aerosoft@hotmail.com<br />
rohit.aerosoft@gmail.com<br />
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The display processor is used to convert digital information from the CPU into analog value needed by the display device. This digital-analog conversion depends on the type of display devices used and the particular graphics functions that are to be hardware implemented. For many graphics monitors, the coordinate origin is defined at the lower left screen corner.<br />
A major task of display processor is to perform a procss called scan conversion. It is the process of separating contigous graphics objects as a collection of ellipcs, rectangles and polygons.<br />
The display processor also designed to perform a number of additionaloperations. These functions include various line style(dashed, dotted, solid), displayinf color area and so on. Also designed to interface with interactive input devices such as mouse. Sometimes the display processor in a random graphics system is referred to as a display processing unit or a graphic controller.<br />
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<div style="font-size: x-large;">Hard copy devices of Computer Graphics</div><div style="font-size: x-large;"><br />
</div><div><div>Every CAD system needs to provide hardcopy versions of circuits. Whether on paper or film, the permanent image is useful for offline consideration and for documentation. Although hardcopy graphics techniques are essentially the same as those found in display programming, there are other considerations. As a first step, it is necessary to understand the nature of these plotting devices.</div><div><br />
</div><div>Like displays, plotters fall into two broad categories: raster and calligraphic. Raster devices such as laser and ink-jet printers cover every pixel on the page and can produce arbitrarily complex images. Calligraphic devices such as pen plotters and some film recorders have a single writing head that must be moved to draw.</div><div><br />
</div><div>Unlike displays, the intensity resolution of plotters is generally low. Many hardcopy devices are strictly bilevel, able only to plot a black dot or to leave the spot white. Color printers have additional sources of ink but can still place the inks with only one intensity. Pen plotters can sometimes fake intensity by drawing over an area multiple times, but there is a limit to what the paper can endure, so these plotters still have only a few intensity levels. Essentially, the variations of layer appearance must be faked with patterned areas.</div><div style="font-size: x-large;"><br />
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<b>MONIKA YADAV (MCA),</b> <br />
Software Engineer,<br />
www.NotesGuru.in, Indore<br />
<br />
<b>ROHIT KESHRIYA (MCA),</b> <br />
Software Engineer,<br />
www.NotesGuru.in, Indore<br />
<br />
For guest faculty Contact us on following E-mail ID:<br />
<br />
monikay.aerosoft@gmail.com<br />
monikay.aerosoft@rediffmail.com<br />
monikay.aerosoft@yahoo.com<br />
monikay.aerosoft@hotmail.com<br />
rohit.aerosoft@gmail.com<br />
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rohit.aerosoft@yahoo.com<br />
rohit.aerosoft@hotmail.com<br />
<br />
Note: We have been used search engines for gathering content.<br />
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