Computer Graphics Hardware
Output Devices
Display
Vector
Rastor
Hardcopy
Plotters
Printers
Input Devices
Graphics Processors
Video Display Devices
Video Monitor
CRT (cathode ray tube) was most common
Storage CRT versus Refresh CRT
Draw once and image remains on screen
Constant refreshing of screen
Refresh rates - 30 Hz, interlaced
Basic CRT design
Vacuum in a glass tube
Electron gun
Cathode with coiled wire filament
heat and it emits electrons
very high voltages
Deflection system
Phosphor coated screen
Focusing system
Acceleration system
walters@buffalo.edu 480/580 Lecture 5 Slide 1Focusing system
electrons repel each other - diverge
a) Magnetic
coil around outside of tube
very small spot size
flying spot scanners
b) Electrostatic
most common in graphics monitors
positively charged metal cylinder
(electrostatic lens)
focuses beam in middle of screen
curved screen
distance from "lens" to screen is constant
flat screen
distances increase from center
additional electronic deflection dependent focusing
Acceleration system
Speed electron towards the screen
a) Positively charged metal near screen
b) Accelerating anode
Deflection system
Control where beam hits screen
a) Magnetic deflection
2 pairs of coils mounted outside envelope
top and bottom
right and left
vary currents in coils to get correct deflection
most common
b) Electrostatic deflection
2 pairs of plates inside envelope
vary charge
walters@buffalo.edu 480/580 Lecture 5 Slide 2Screen
coated with phosphors
electrons hit screen and loose energy
heat
most goes to electrons of phosphor
jumps them to higher energy states
when fall back to lower states - give off energy as light
Phosphor characteristics
color of light - wavelength of energy
persistence
time taken to go from initial light level to 1/10th
long persistence
refresh less frequently
what happens to image of moving objects?
short persistence
refresh more frequently
less motion blur
typical 10 - 60 microseconds
Intensity
Control grid of electron gun
the more negatively charged, more electrons get repelled
the fewer make it through the control grid
Intensity distribution of spot on screen
Intensity
x (or y)
Gaussian fall off of intensity with distance
Function of the electron density in the beam
walters@buffalo.edu 480/580 Lecture 5 Slide 3Intensity
x (or y)
Resolution
Maximum number of dots that can be displayed without overlap
on CRT
(1K by 1K)
independent of screen size
OR
Maximum number of dots that can be displayed per inch or cm
(300 dpi)
How define overlap?
okay to overlap portions falling below 60% of maximum
What happens to overlap as increase intensity?
Aspect ratio
ratio of number of vertical points to horizontal points to
produce equal length lines
3/4
Rastor Scan versus Random Scan
Random scan
refresh is a function of the image complexity
Rastor scan
horizontal retrace and vertical retrace
interlaced versus noninterlaced
walters@buffalo.edu 480/580 Lecture 5 Slide 4walters@buffalo.edu 480/580 Lecture 5 Slide 5
Refresh rate
60 hz is typical
how often refresh each "dot" on screen?
once every 16667 microseconds
compare to persistence (10-60 microseconds)
"dot" is mostly dark!
flicker
when image appears to go on and off
refresh rate not high enough
CFF - critical fusion frequency
freq at which flickering display just fuses into nonflickering
what determines CFF?
for given phosphor?
Horizontal scan rate
scan lines displayed per second
approximately refresh rate times number of lines
Color CRTs
Beam penetration
Random scan
two layers of phosphor
slow beam - outer layer (say red)
faster beam - inner layer (say green)
Shadow mask
more colors
better quality
small patches of red, green and blue phosphors
perceive as one colored patch
3 electron guns
a) delta-delta
triad of patches
shadow mask
difficult to keep aligned
high resolution
b) precision in-line
easier to align, lower resolutionFlat-Panel Displays
Thinner, lighter, require less power
Examples?
Emissive versus nonemissive
Can you see it in the dark?
Could be lighted nonemisive
Emissive
Plasma panels
mixture of gases between two glass plates
vertical and horizontal conducting ribbons
apply voltage to two ribbons to make plasma glow
Thin-film electroluminescent displays
similar, but phosphor instead of gas
LED's
matrix of diodes, one per pixel
apply voltage and they produce light
Nonemissive
LCD
LC substance flow like a liquid, but have crystaline
molecular structure
Usually use nematic LC's (threadlike)
Two polarizers, two conductors, reflector
LC in normal state twists the light,
so is reflected back to viewer
apply voltage to conductors to turn off
Active Matrix LCD - transistor at each pixel (stores)
walters@buffalo.edu 480/580 Lecture 5 Slide 63D Viewing
Stereoscopic viewing
Stereo images (not full 3-d)
a) Red and green glasses
red and green images
b) Scan alternate images in alternate frames
View with goggles that shutter each lens in synch
with scanning
c) Multiple stereo images versus just two
Time Multiplexing
As rotate head, see different views
Compare to 2 view perception as move head
Projection CRT
project light from small diameter, very bright CRT onto screen
LCD Projection
flat panel display used with overhead projector
walters@buffalo.edu 480/580 Lecture 5 Slide 7Hard Copy Output Devices
Plotters
Printers
Impact Devices
Inked ribbon
examples?
Nonimpact Devices
Lasers, ink-jets, xerographic, electrostatic, electrothermal
examples?
Pen plotters
Stationary paper and 2-D moving pen
Paper moves in 1-D and pen in 1-D
Resolution issues
Random Scan or Raster Scan?
How draw line?
What determines resolution along length of line?
What determines resolution across width of line?
Dot Matrix Printers
Print head with matrix of wire pins
Retract some pins before printing to print specified pattern
Laser Printers
Drum coated with photoelectric material (eg selenium)
Laser beam creates charge distribution on drum
Toner applied to drum and sticks according to charge
Toner transferred to paper
walters@buffalo.edu 480/580 Lecture 5 Slide 8Ink-Jet Printers
Paper rolled on drum
Boiled ink squirted onto paper through little nozzles (jets)
Charged ink stream deflected by electric field
Electrostatic Printers
Negatively charge a row at a time on paper
Apply toner
Electrothermal Printer
Heat sensitive paper
Dot matrix print head applies heat
Dye Sublimation
How get color output?
Impact device?
Non impact device?
3 pigments: cyan, magenta, yellow (sometimes black)
Will you get the same colors on a laser printer, as on a CRT?
Non Hard Copy , Non Display Output Devices
Print 3-D solid objects
Ink jet like head
Squirts fast drying thermopolymer material
Builds up 3-D models in layers
walters@buffalo.edu 480/580 Lecture 5 Slide 9Input Devices
Keyboards
Standard Keyboard
Button Boxes
Mouse
Mechanical mouse
Rotating ball
Two perpendicular padded shafts rotated by ball motion
shaft encoders output proportional to rotation
Optical mouse
Laser
Reflective Grid
Added buttons, trackball, thumbwheels
Trackball
Like upside down mouse with big ball
Fingers or hand move ball
Joystick
Movable
Measure motion
Stationary
Measure strain
Data Glove
Measures hand position and uses as input
Many degrees of freedom
(aside - data glove as output device
haptic computer interface
texture and pressure sensation via forces applied
to finger tip
)
walters@buffalo.edu 480/580 Lecture 5 Slide 10Motion Capturing Systems
Selspots
Attached to body in motion
Capture 3-D paths of points
Occlusion of visual "spots"
Full Body Scanners
How does it work?
Captures shape and color in 12 seconds
Uses?
Digitizers
Graphics Tablets
High resolution input
Trace contours
Hand held cursor
Stylus
Electromagnetic
Grid of wires
Electromagnetic pulses generated in sequence
Induces electrical signal in stylus or cursor
Acoustic
Strip microphones
Detect sound of spark on stylus tip
Time arrival at different microphones
Can be 3-D
walters@buffalo.edu 480/580 Lecture 5 Slide 9Image Scanners
Hand Held
Flat Bed
Drum
Touch Panels
Optical
Line LED's along top and side
Line of light detectors along bottom and other side
What determines Resolution?
Electrical
One plate of conducting material
One plate of resistive material
Touch pushes plates together
Measure voltage drop across resistive plate
Acoustical
Built into plasma panels
Transparent overlay on other displays
Buy me a Cup of CoffeeOutput Devices
Display
Vector
Rastor
Hardcopy
Plotters
Printers
Input Devices
Graphics Processors
Video Display Devices
Video Monitor
CRT (cathode ray tube) was most common
Storage CRT versus Refresh CRT
Draw once and image remains on screen
Constant refreshing of screen
Refresh rates - 30 Hz, interlaced
Basic CRT design
Vacuum in a glass tube
Electron gun
Cathode with coiled wire filament
heat and it emits electrons
very high voltages
Deflection system
Phosphor coated screen
Focusing system
Acceleration system
walters@buffalo.edu 480/580 Lecture 5 Slide 1Focusing system
electrons repel each other - diverge
a) Magnetic
coil around outside of tube
very small spot size
flying spot scanners
b) Electrostatic
most common in graphics monitors
positively charged metal cylinder
(electrostatic lens)
focuses beam in middle of screen
curved screen
distance from "lens" to screen is constant
flat screen
distances increase from center
additional electronic deflection dependent focusing
Acceleration system
Speed electron towards the screen
a) Positively charged metal near screen
b) Accelerating anode
Deflection system
Control where beam hits screen
a) Magnetic deflection
2 pairs of coils mounted outside envelope
top and bottom
right and left
vary currents in coils to get correct deflection
most common
b) Electrostatic deflection
2 pairs of plates inside envelope
vary charge
walters@buffalo.edu 480/580 Lecture 5 Slide 2Screen
coated with phosphors
electrons hit screen and loose energy
heat
most goes to electrons of phosphor
jumps them to higher energy states
when fall back to lower states - give off energy as light
Phosphor characteristics
color of light - wavelength of energy
persistence
time taken to go from initial light level to 1/10th
long persistence
refresh less frequently
what happens to image of moving objects?
short persistence
refresh more frequently
less motion blur
typical 10 - 60 microseconds
Intensity
Control grid of electron gun
the more negatively charged, more electrons get repelled
the fewer make it through the control grid
Intensity distribution of spot on screen
Intensity
x (or y)
Gaussian fall off of intensity with distance
Function of the electron density in the beam
walters@buffalo.edu 480/580 Lecture 5 Slide 3Intensity
x (or y)
Resolution
Maximum number of dots that can be displayed without overlap
on CRT
(1K by 1K)
independent of screen size
OR
Maximum number of dots that can be displayed per inch or cm
(300 dpi)
How define overlap?
okay to overlap portions falling below 60% of maximum
What happens to overlap as increase intensity?
Aspect ratio
ratio of number of vertical points to horizontal points to
produce equal length lines
3/4
Rastor Scan versus Random Scan
Random scan
refresh is a function of the image complexity
Rastor scan
horizontal retrace and vertical retrace
interlaced versus noninterlaced
walters@buffalo.edu 480/580 Lecture 5 Slide 4walters@buffalo.edu 480/580 Lecture 5 Slide 5
Refresh rate
60 hz is typical
how often refresh each "dot" on screen?
once every 16667 microseconds
compare to persistence (10-60 microseconds)
"dot" is mostly dark!
flicker
when image appears to go on and off
refresh rate not high enough
CFF - critical fusion frequency
freq at which flickering display just fuses into nonflickering
what determines CFF?
for given phosphor?
Horizontal scan rate
scan lines displayed per second
approximately refresh rate times number of lines
Color CRTs
Beam penetration
Random scan
two layers of phosphor
slow beam - outer layer (say red)
faster beam - inner layer (say green)
Shadow mask
more colors
better quality
small patches of red, green and blue phosphors
perceive as one colored patch
3 electron guns
a) delta-delta
triad of patches
shadow mask
difficult to keep aligned
high resolution
b) precision in-line
easier to align, lower resolutionFlat-Panel Displays
Thinner, lighter, require less power
Examples?
Emissive versus nonemissive
Can you see it in the dark?
Could be lighted nonemisive
Emissive
Plasma panels
mixture of gases between two glass plates
vertical and horizontal conducting ribbons
apply voltage to two ribbons to make plasma glow
Thin-film electroluminescent displays
similar, but phosphor instead of gas
LED's
matrix of diodes, one per pixel
apply voltage and they produce light
Nonemissive
LCD
LC substance flow like a liquid, but have crystaline
molecular structure
Usually use nematic LC's (threadlike)
Two polarizers, two conductors, reflector
LC in normal state twists the light,
so is reflected back to viewer
apply voltage to conductors to turn off
Active Matrix LCD - transistor at each pixel (stores)
walters@buffalo.edu 480/580 Lecture 5 Slide 63D Viewing
Stereoscopic viewing
Stereo images (not full 3-d)
a) Red and green glasses
red and green images
b) Scan alternate images in alternate frames
View with goggles that shutter each lens in synch
with scanning
c) Multiple stereo images versus just two
Time Multiplexing
As rotate head, see different views
Compare to 2 view perception as move head
Projection CRT
project light from small diameter, very bright CRT onto screen
LCD Projection
flat panel display used with overhead projector
walters@buffalo.edu 480/580 Lecture 5 Slide 7Hard Copy Output Devices
Plotters
Printers
Impact Devices
Inked ribbon
examples?
Nonimpact Devices
Lasers, ink-jets, xerographic, electrostatic, electrothermal
examples?
Pen plotters
Stationary paper and 2-D moving pen
Paper moves in 1-D and pen in 1-D
Resolution issues
Random Scan or Raster Scan?
How draw line?
What determines resolution along length of line?
What determines resolution across width of line?
Dot Matrix Printers
Print head with matrix of wire pins
Retract some pins before printing to print specified pattern
Laser Printers
Drum coated with photoelectric material (eg selenium)
Laser beam creates charge distribution on drum
Toner applied to drum and sticks according to charge
Toner transferred to paper
walters@buffalo.edu 480/580 Lecture 5 Slide 8Ink-Jet Printers
Paper rolled on drum
Boiled ink squirted onto paper through little nozzles (jets)
Charged ink stream deflected by electric field
Electrostatic Printers
Negatively charge a row at a time on paper
Apply toner
Electrothermal Printer
Heat sensitive paper
Dot matrix print head applies heat
Dye Sublimation
How get color output?
Impact device?
Non impact device?
3 pigments: cyan, magenta, yellow (sometimes black)
Will you get the same colors on a laser printer, as on a CRT?
Non Hard Copy , Non Display Output Devices
Print 3-D solid objects
Ink jet like head
Squirts fast drying thermopolymer material
Builds up 3-D models in layers
walters@buffalo.edu 480/580 Lecture 5 Slide 9Input Devices
Keyboards
Standard Keyboard
Button Boxes
Mouse
Mechanical mouse
Rotating ball
Two perpendicular padded shafts rotated by ball motion
shaft encoders output proportional to rotation
Optical mouse
Laser
Reflective Grid
Added buttons, trackball, thumbwheels
Trackball
Like upside down mouse with big ball
Fingers or hand move ball
Joystick
Movable
Measure motion
Stationary
Measure strain
Data Glove
Measures hand position and uses as input
Many degrees of freedom
(aside - data glove as output device
haptic computer interface
texture and pressure sensation via forces applied
to finger tip
)
walters@buffalo.edu 480/580 Lecture 5 Slide 10Motion Capturing Systems
Selspots
Attached to body in motion
Capture 3-D paths of points
Occlusion of visual "spots"
Full Body Scanners
How does it work?
Captures shape and color in 12 seconds
Uses?
Digitizers
Graphics Tablets
High resolution input
Trace contours
Hand held cursor
Stylus
Electromagnetic
Grid of wires
Electromagnetic pulses generated in sequence
Induces electrical signal in stylus or cursor
Acoustic
Strip microphones
Detect sound of spark on stylus tip
Time arrival at different microphones
Can be 3-D
walters@buffalo.edu 480/580 Lecture 5 Slide 9Image Scanners
Hand Held
Flat Bed
Drum
Touch Panels
Optical
Line LED's along top and side
Line of light detectors along bottom and other side
What determines Resolution?
Electrical
One plate of conducting material
One plate of resistive material
Touch pushes plates together
Measure voltage drop across resistive plate
Acoustical
Built into plasma panels
Transparent overlay on other displays
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